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| c. 1100 |
| | The Assassins, a sect of Nizari Ismailis, begin to acquire strongholds in Persia | |
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| c. 1220 |
| | Within a span of less than ten years, from 1215, Genghis Khan and the Mongols plunder from China to eastern Europe | |
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| 1237 |
| | Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde | |
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| 1256 |
| | Hulagu and his horde of Mongols cross the Amu Darya river and move against Muslim Persia | |
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| 1257 |
| | The Persian poet Sa'di publishes his Bustan ('Orchard'), a collection of moral tales in verse | |
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| c. 1265 |
| | Hulagu and his Mongol descendants rule Persia as Il-khans, subordinate to the great khan in the east | |
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| c. 1275 |
| | Mongol control over the entire breadth of Asia introduces a stability often called the Pax Mongolica, echoing the Pax Romana | |
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| c. 1300 |
| | Tabriz under the Mongol Il-khans is the first centre of Persian miniature painting | |
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| c. 1370 |
| | The Persian poet Hafiz perfects a form of short poem, the ghazal, dwelling on the pleasures of life with an undercurrent of Sufi mysticism | |
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| 1383 |
| | Timur begins twenty years of almost continuous conquest with the capture and destruction of Herat | |
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